KIM's Biscuits (Project)

APPENDIX

1. First, globalization, new technologies, and deregulation have created an environment that is increasingly complex and unstable. Second, and partly in response 79
2. to the first set of factors, the new employment contract is often associated with new organizational forms such as networks, flexible specialization, or “virtual” organizations.
3.  In many cases, the new organizational forms directly affect the employment contract, as when employers increase hiring of temporary or contract employees.
4. The employment contract can only influence organizational change if the contract affects outcomes that employers care about. In fact, substantial evidence and theory suggests that employees perceptions of fair treatment can have large effects on the organization (Barnard, 1938; Blau, 1964; Gouldner, 1954). To consider a single channel, numerous studies have found that organizational citizenship behavior (OCB, Organ, 1988) 98
5. is higher when employees perceive more fairness, especially procedural justice (e.g. Farh 99
6. Et al., 1990; Konovsky and Pugh, 1994; Moorman, 1991). 100
7. Psychological Contracts in Organizations, Rousseau (1995)
8. Kruse and Joseph (1998, p. 22)
9. present survey evidence that in 1995 190
10. lower trust in their employer in 1997 than in 1989 (Kruse and
11. Joseph, 1998, p. 22–23). 193
12. Kahneman, Knetsch, and Thaler performed their survey between May 1984 and July
13. 1985 217
14. Levine (1993); Piron and Luis (1995); Rabin (1993).
15. Academy of Management Executive, 1996. Special Issue on Careers in the 21st Century.
16. Adams, J.S., 1963. Toward an understanding of inequity. Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology 67, 302–320. 394
17. Annable, J., 1997. Insecure executives make the economy grow. The Wall Street Journal. 395
18. Barnard, C., 1938. The Functions of the Executive. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. 396
19. Belman, D., Levine, D.I., 1999. Have internal labor marketwage structures declined in large employers? University Of California, Mimeo. 398
20. Blau, P.M., 1964. Exchange and Power in Social Life. Wiley, New York. 399
21. Burack, E.H., Singh, R.P., 1995. The new employment relations compact. Human Resource Planning 18 (1), 400
22. 12–19. 401
23. Cappelli, P., et al., 1997. Change at Work. Oxford University Press, New York. 402
24. Cashman, K., Feldman, J., 1995. Reengineering the employment contract. Executive Excellence 12 (2), 15–16. 403
25. Charness, G.B., Levine, D.I., 1999. When are layoffs acceptable? Evidence from a quasi-experiment. University of California, Mimeo (forthcoming in Industrial and Labor Relations Review). 405
26. Cowherd, D.,Levine, D.I., 1992. Product quality and pay equity between low-level employees and top management: 406
27. An investigation of distributive justice theory. Administrative Science Quarterly 37 (2), 302–320. 407
28. Doeringer, P., Michael P., 1971. Internal Labor Markets and Manpower Analysis. Heath Lexington Books, 408
29. Lexington, MA. 409
30. Dornstein, M., 1991. Conceptions of Fair Pay: Theoretical Perspectives and Empirical Research. Praeger Press, 410
31. New York. 411
32. Farber, H., 1995. Are lifetime jobs disappearing? Job duration in the United States: 1973–1993. NBER Working 412
33. Paper No. 5014. 413
34. Neumark, D., Daniel, P., Daniel, H., 1997. Has job stability declined yet? New evidence for the 1990s. NBER 454
35. Working Paper No. 6330. 455
36. Organ, D.W., 1988. Organizational citizenship behavior: the good soldier syndrome. DC Heath, Lexington, MA. 456
37. O’Shaughnessy, K.C., Levine, D.I., Peter, C., 1999. Changes in managerial pay structures 1986–1992. Working 457
38. Paper No. 67B, Institute of Industrial Relations, UC Berkeley. 458
39. Piron, R., Luis, F., 1995. Are fairness constraints on profit seeking important. Journal of Economic Psychology 459

16, 73–96. 460

Podsakoff, P.M., Michael, A., Scott, B.M., 1997. Organizational citizenship behavior and the quantity and quality 461

of work group performance. Journal of Applied Psychology 82 (2), 262–270. 462

Rabin, M., 1993. 463